The Truth About 2-Level Transition Elimination in Bang-Bang PAM-4 CDRs

Misconceptions about the big bang.

The expansion of the universe may be the most important fact we have ever discovered about our origins. You would not be reading this article if the universe had not expanded. Human beings would not exist. Cold molecular things such as life-forms and terrestrial planets could not have come into existence unless the universe, starting from a hot big bang, had expanded and cooled. The formation o...

The Bang-Bang Funnel Controller (long version)

A bang-bang controller is proposed which is able to ensure reference signal tracking with prespecified time-varying error bounds (the funnel) for nonlinear systems with relative degree one or two. For the design of the controller only the knowledge of the relative degree is needed. The controller is guaranteed to work when certain feasibility assumptions are fulfilled, which are explicitly give...

The Big Bang is bang on.

51 4 v 2 2 O ct 2 00 6 1 . Big - Bang nucleosynthesis 1 1 . BIG - BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

Big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) offers the deepest reliable probe of the early universe, being based on well-understood Standard Model physics [1–4]. Predictions of the abundances of the light elements, D, 3 He, 4 He, and 7 Li, synthesized at the end of the " first three minutes " are in good overall agreement with the primordial abundances inferred from observational data, thus validating the s...

Strong Optimality for a Bang-Bang Trajectory

In this paper we give sufficient conditions for a bang-bang regular extremal to be a strong local optimum for a control problem in the Mayer form; strong means that we consider the C0 topology in the state space. The controls appear linearly and take values in a polyhedron, and the state space and the end point constraints are finite-dimensional smooth manifolds. In the case of bang-bang extrem...